24/09/2026
Great news, but we could have told you
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🦆📉 Hunting is not the main reason for bird populations dropping across Europe, according to new research from UCD in collaboration with the Spanish research institute, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC).
Examining population trends for 256 bird species across nine European countries, including Ireland and the United Kingdom, researchers found no statistically significant association between whether a species could legally be hunted and its likelihood of being in decline.
The study, published in Global Ecology and Conservation, tracked national bird population trends over two decades alongside factors including legal hunting status, conservation protection, nesting strategy, agricultural habitat and farming intensity.
“Our findings suggest that hunting-related indicators alone do not explain broad-scale patterns of bird population decline across Europe,” said Associate Professor Barry J. McMahon, UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science.
“This is an important distinction because it does not mean hunting has no effect on individual species or populations. Rather, it shows that the relationship is more complex than simply whether a species is legally huntable” pointed out Dr Eva de la Peña, the postdoctoral researcher who was an author of the study.
The researchers assessed species in Spain, France, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden and the UK as either declining or not declining, and examined whether legal huntability was associated with those trends while accounting for other ecological and policy-related factors.
The analysis found no statistically significant association between national-level huntability and population decline.
A second analysis examined huntable species in six countries, using average annual harvest levels as a broad measure of hunting pressure. It also found no significant relationship between harvest levels and population decline.
Harvest levels in wildlife management refers to the specific percentage of animals permitted to be removed from a population through hunting to maintain ecological balance.
The study did identify other factors associated with population trends. Birds receiving special conservation protection under Annex I of the EU Birds Directive were associated with a lower probability of population decline, while ground-nesting birds had a higher probability of decline.
The researchers stress that national-level measures of huntability and harvest did not capture differences in local hunting pressure, habitat conditions or conservation management.
Legal huntability indicates whether hunting is permitted, but not how many birds are actually hunted, where hunting takes place or the intensity of hunting. These factors can vary considerably between species and countries.
The researchers note that populations already under pressure from factors such as habitat loss or low reproductive success may be more vulnerable to additional pressures.
They conclude that more detailed data on hunting intensity, demographics and local population trends are needed to understand when and where hunting may affect bird populations.