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Decompression illness (DCI) encompasses two diseases, decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE):

🫧 DCS ("the bends") results from inadequate decompression. A scuba diver's body absorbs nitrogen (and/or other inert gases in the breathing mix) in proportion to the ambient pressure. If the inert gas load exceeds tissue capacity, it can come out of solution and form bubbles in the tissues and bloodstream.
• Signs/Symptoms: Usually appear within 15 minutes or up to 12 hours after surfacing, and may include joint pain, numbness and tingling, skin rashes/itchiness, headache, and unexplained fatigue; however, the presentation of DCS can be idiosyncratic.
• Prevention: Dive conservatively, follow proper ascent procedures, and be cognizant of no-decompression limits, especially when deeper than 100 feet, in cold water, and/or under strenuous conditions. Avoid flying or other exposure to altitude too soon after diving.

🫁 AGE typically results from lung overexpansion, often caused by a scuba diver holding their breath while ascending (as might occur during a panic-induced rapid ascent). If the diver fails to exhale sufficiently, the expanding air may rupture lung tissue (pulmonary barotrauma) and release gas bubbles into arterial circulation. These bubbles can restrict blood flow and cause damage in the brain and other tissues.
• Signs/Symptoms: Typically occur within 15 minutes of surfacing and may include loss of consciousness, confusion, convulsions, bloody froth from the mouth or nose, and weakness or paralysis in the extremities.
• Prevention: Breathe normally and avoid breath-holding during ascent. (Certain lung conditions may predispose a diver to AGE; in these cases, the diver should consult a physician.)

⚠️ Several factors can increase the likelihood of DCI occurring, including deep or long dives, cold water, heavy exercise at depth, and rapid ascents. However, many factors — both known and unknown, including individual susceptibility — influence DCI likelihood.

🚑 If you suspect any form of DCI, immediately call local EMS — and call DAN for assistance once EMS is activated. The immediate first aid protocol is emergency oxygen administration. In most cases, a diver with AGE or severe DCS will require stabilization at the nearest medical facility before transport to a recompression chamber facility.

For more comprehensive information about DCS and AGE, visit: dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/decompression-illness-what-is-it-and-what-is-the-treatment/

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Women earn approximately 40% of open-water certifications, according to DEMA. Yet health considerations particularly relevant to women, from endometriosis to breast cancer recovery, are often overlooked in diving. Understanding women's health in diving makes our sport safer and more inclusive for women and those who dive with them.

Learn more: dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/womens-health-and-diving

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