Parson Russell Terrier - Olivia

e name was changed to its current form in 1999 in the UK and by 2008 all international kennel clubs recognised it under the new name. A mostly white breed with either a smooth or broken coat, it conforms to a narrower range of sizes than the Jack Russell. It is a feisty, energetic terrier, suited to sports and able to get along with children and other animals. It has a range of breed related health issues, mainly relating to eye disorders. HISTORY
This breed shares a common history with the Jack Russell Terrier until the early 1980s. This type of small white terrier dates back to the work of the Reverend John Russell, born in 1795.[1] In 1819 he purchased a small white and tan female terrier named Trump from a milkman in the hamlet of Elmsford.[2] She formed the basis for his breeding program, and by the 1850s the dogs were recognised as a distinct type of Fox Terrier.[3][4]

In 1894, the Devon and Somerset Badger Club was founded by Arthur Blake Heinemann who created the first breed standard for this type of terrier. The club was formed with the aim of promoting badger digging, rather than fox hunting.[1] By the turn of the 20th century, the name of John Russell had become associated with this type of terrier.[5] The Devon and Somerset Badger Club would go on to be renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club and continued until just before World War II when the club folded.[1]

The Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain was established in 1974 as the parent club for the Jack Russell Terrier in the UK. The club has actively opposed recognition of the Jack Russell Terrier by Kennel Club (UK).[6] In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club (PJRTC) was reformed with the aim of seeking Kennel Club recognition for the breed. The initial application was turned down, but after several further rejections,[7] the Parson Jack Russell Terrier was recognised on 9 January 1990 as a variant of the Fox Terrier,[1][8] with the United Kennel Club following suit in 1991.[9] The American Kennel Club recognised the breed as the Jack Russell Terrier effective 1 November 1997.[10][11]

On 1 August 1999, the PJRTC successfully petitioned the Kennel Club (UK) to change the name of the breed to the Parson Russell Terrier, with the name of the breed club following suit.[1] The international kennel association, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, recognised the Parson Russell Terrier on 4 June 2001.[12] The American Kennel Club updated the name of the recognised breed from Jack Russell Terrier on 1 April 2003.[11] The United Kennel Club adopted the new name on 23 April 2008.[9]

The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) and New Zealand Kennel Club are the only two major kennel clubs to recognise both the Jack Russell Terrier and the Parson Russell Terrier separately.[13][14] In 2009, there were 18 Parsons registered with the ANKC compared to 1073 Jack Russells.[13]

DESCRIPTION
The Parson Russell Terrier is bred to conform to a conformation show standard.[9] It is a predominantly white breed with black, tan or tricolour markings and an easy to groom coat which is either smooth or broken (similar to a smooth coat, but with some longer hair on the head, face, legs or body).[15][16] The breed standard does not recognise a Parson Russell with a curly or rough coat. There is a clear outline with only a hint of eyebrows and beard should the dog be broken coated. They possess moderately thick small "V" shaped drop ears with the tip pointed towards the eyes. The nose of the dog should be black.[17] The normal range of sizes is between 13–14 inches (33–36 cm) tall at the withers, with a weight around 13–17 pounds (5.9–7.7 kg).[15]

The Parson Russell has a relatively square outline, with a body about as long as the dog is tall.[15] Compared to the Jack Russell Terrier, the Parson Russell has a longer head and a larger chest along with overall a slightly larger body size.[18] The Parson retains the flat skull but not the elongated shape of the Fox Terrier, and with lower set ears.[19] In addition, the Jack Russell Terrier has a greater variation in size, ranging between 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) in height at the withers.[20]

Two hands should be able to span the chest of the dog behind its elbows, with the thumbs at the withers.[15] This is required in show judging, with the judge lifting the dog's front legs gently off the ground in this motion in order to measure the size of the chest. The judges fingers should meet under the chest and the thumbs on top of the spine. The American Kennel Club describes this as a "significant factor and a critical part of the judging process."[17] It is not done to measure the size of the chest, but rather to feel for the correct shape.[21]

Under the show standard, there are several physical points which would be treated as faults in the show ring. These are for the height of the dog at the withers to be outside of the standard range, or for the dog to possess either pricked up ears, a liver or brown coloured nose, an overshot or undershot jawline or to have brindle markings.[17]

TEMPERAMENT
The Parson is a feisty and energetic type of Terrier. They can excel in dog sports such as flyball or agility and require vigorous exercise in order to prevent them from becoming bored and potentially destructive in the home. They can be suited to live with children but as they have a typical Terrier temperament, they will not tolerate rough handling.[15] The AKC describes them as being single minded, tenacious and courageous when at work, while at home they can be exuberant, playful and affectionate.[17] However, it is unusual for dogs of this breed to be involved in work, such as fox hunting, typical of a small white terrier, as they are more adapted to the show bench.[22]

They can be playful with other dogs, and get along with horses.[15] The breed standard requires that shyness be treated as a fault, although it states that this should not be confused with submissiveness which is not treated as such. Overt aggression towards another dog is not accepted and is a criteria for disqualification in the show ring.[17]

HEALTH
Eye conditions which affect the Parson Russell Terrier include primary lens luxation,[23] a heritable condition. This disease causes the zonular fibres to be abnormal and begin to disintegrate in affected dogs. The fibres support the lens of the eye, and their destruction can cause the lens to fall into the wrong location within the eye. If the lens falls into the anterior chamber of eyeball then a secondary glaucoma can occur, causing loss of vision.[24] National kennel associations such as the Kennel Club (UK) publish DNA screening results on Parson Russell Terriers, broken down into three groups; clears, carriers, and affecteds.[25]

Other eye conditions which appear in the breed include cataracts in juveniles, corneal dystrophy, progressive retinal atrophy and posterior vitreous detachment.[26][27] Non-eye breed related conditions which may affect a Parson are deafness and patella luxation. The average lifespan of a Parson Russell Terrier is between 14 to 15 years.[27]

REFERENCES
1.^ a b c d e "An introduction to the Parson Russell Terrier". Parson Russell Terrier Club. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
2.^ Davies, Norman (1 January 1996). Oxford University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0198201717. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
3.^ McKinney, Liz. "History of the Jack Russell Terrier". Parson Russell Terrier / Jack Russell Terrier.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
4.^ Smith, Steve (September 2002). The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen. Willow Creek Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-1572235014. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
5.^ Lee, Rawdon B. (1902). A History and Description, with Reminiscences, of the Fox Terrier. Horace Cox, London. p. 153. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
6.^ "Constitution & Bylaws". Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
7.^ "Parson Russell Terrier – Cracking Jacks". Dogs Monthly Magazine. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
8.^ Coile, D. Caroline (2000). Jack Russell Terrier Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. p. 10. ISBN 978-0764114113.
9.^ a b c "Parson Russell Terrier". United Kennel Club. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
10.^ "AKC Meet the Breed: Parson Russell Terrier". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
11.^ a b "History of the Parson Russell Terrier". Parson Russell Terrier Association of America. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
12.^ "Parson Russell Terrier Standard" (doc). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
13.^ a b "ANKC: National Animal Registration Analysis". Australian National Kennel Club. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
14.^ "Terrier Group Breed Standards". New Zealand Terrier Club. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
15.^ a b c d e f Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs: The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-0470009215.
16.^ "Coat Type". Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
17.^ a b c d e "AKC Breed Standard". www.akc.org. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
18.^ Rainwater, Don; Rainwater, Kellie (2008). The Jack Russell Terrier Canine Companion Or Demon Dog. Createspace. p. 9. ISBN 978-1434848901.
19.^ "Fox Terriers and Jack Russells". JaneDogs. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
20.^ "Breed Comparison". Retrieved 26 October 2010.
21.^ "Jack Russell/Parson Russell Terrier Spanning Guide" (PDF). Ducklings Kennel. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
22.^ "The Parson Russell Terrier". The Parson Russell Terrier Club. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
23.^ Gough, Alex; Thomas, Alison (2010). Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 149. ISBN 978-1405180788.
24.^ "Primary Lens Luxation". Northern Parson Russell Terrier Club. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
25.^ "DNA Screening Parson Russell Terriers - PLL". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
26.^ Maggs, David J.; Miller, Paul E.; Ofri, Ron; Slatter, Douglas H. (2007). Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology. Saunders. p. 449. ISBN 978-0721605616.
27.^ a b Arden, Darleen (2006). Small Dogs, Big Hearts: A Guide to Caring for Your Little Dog. p. 189. ISBN 978-0471779636.