Chittagong Club UK

Chittagong

বাংলাদেশ একটি ছোট দেশ হলেও এখানে দেখার আছে অনেক অখ্যত ও বিখ্যাত স্থান।

We're supporting to remain in Europe.

Jeremy Corbyn asks David Cameron six times during Prime Minister's Questions if people will be worse off as a result of tax credit changes? PM repeatedly ducks question of whether people will be worse off

Texas has become the deadliest state in the US for undocumented immigrants. In 2012, 271 migrants died while crossing through Texas, surpassing Arizona as the nation's most dangerous entry point. The majority of those deaths didn't occur at the Texas-Mexico border but in rural Brooks County, 70 miles north of the Rio Grande, where the US Border Patrol has a checkpoint. To circumvent the checkpoint, migrants must leave the highway and hike through the rugged ranchlands. Hundreds die each year on the trek, most from heat stroke. This four-part series looks at the lives impacted by the humanitarian crisis.

The Right to Free Movement : Article 21 (1) of the TFEU provides its citizens with the rights that forms an essential element of European citizenship – the right to move and reside freely and to settle anywhere within the European Union’s territory. Already 2 million EU citizens take an advantage of this right. Its importance has been also enshrined in the preamble of the Charter of Fundamental Rights.

There are important legislative texts that reflect the situation – one is removing barriers to free movement, a second is allowing the EU citizens and their family members to travel and reside anywhere in Europe, a third one ensures that they are covered by social security and the fourth one recognises their professional qualifications.
The Right of Entry and Residence

Efforts of the EU decision - makers to familiarise citizens with the advantages they have as EU citizens were reflected in Directive 2004/38.

The aim of the Directive is to provide citizens, and their family members, that are not EU nationals, with protection when moving and residing around the territory of the European Union. It extends, under certain conditions, family reunification rights to partners and family members and they are given autonomous rights in case of death or departure or termination of family ties (termination of marriage or registered partnership). However, Member States may impose certain restrictions upon the right of free movement and residence when it is justified on grounds of public policy, public security and public health. The right to reside in the other Member States is granted as long as the conditions of the right to reside are met, in addition, after fulfilling certain conditions, there is a possibility after this time period to be granted a right of permanent residence. Then the EU citizens and their family members have increased protection against expulsion.
The Free Movement of Workers

The right on free movement of workers which generally permits workers to search for employment, to be employed and to reside in another Member State, is now defined by Articles 45 and 46 of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. It is one of the four freedoms on which the single market is based. The aim of establishing free movement of workers in a labour market was for a long time the dominant feature of EU regulation in employment and industrial relations. The primary aim of the European Union in this field is to secure workers guarantees with regard to the improvement of their living and working conditions and to promote their social advancement whilst at the same time satisfying the economic policies of the particular Member States. However, the Treaty has provided Member States with wide discretionary powers; it means that the host Member State is entitled to impose on workers public policy limitations, if that can be justified on ground of public policy or public health.

Free movement of workers was guaranteed to nationals of the European Union by the founding Treaties and particular and in particular by Regulation (EEC) 1612/68, whose aim is to ensure that each worker will be afforded the same level of protection which is not discriminatory with those of Member States nationals, by providing them with the equal treatment so far as the employment and work conditions are concerned.

According to the recently adopted Regulation (EU) No 492/2011, (codifying Regulation (No 1612/68) the EU nationals, have the right to seek employment in another EU Member State, without being subject to discriminatory treatment based on a nationality. Member States cannot impose on you any restrictions laid down by law, regulation, administrative action or administrative practices that would not apply to their own nationals.

Although Article 45 of the TFEU and the Regulation are directly applicable, EU citizens wanting to move or reside freely from one Member state to another, still face numerous obstacles. The exercise of rights is not guaranteed by specific EU provisions, as it is the case for other areas (equality of treatment between men and women). Protection is therefore weak, especially when individuals wish to initiate judicial actions against private employers in case of discrimination on the basis of nationality. In order to improve this legislative environment, there already has been a Proposal for an initiative on enforcement of rights of EU migrant workers and members of their families in relation to the fundamental principle of the free movement of workers.
Social Security

The rules for coordination of national social security schemes also fall within the framework of free movement of persons. However, the social security systems of EU Member States are not yet harmonised. Each Member State therefore remains responsible for the organisation and financing of their social security systems, which can lead to obstacles when working in another Member State.

The EU has therefore tried to modernise and simplify a set of rules, in order to increase certainty for stakeholders and protection for individuals moving across the EU by ensuring the effective inter - operability of social security systems in all Member States. Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 and its implementing regulation, takes into account not only recent developments in the field of the European cross-border mobility, including case law of the CJEU, but also changes made in the legislation of each Member State.

To be fully aware of your rights, see the website of the European Commission – DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion and the practical guide to social security in Europe.

For further information please see also Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Workers, European Social Charter, Posted workers.
The Recognition of Professional Qualification

The EU passed legislation to facilitate the recognition of professional qualifications in 2005. Existing rules on professional mobility are set up in Directive 2005/36/EC which enables you to register and practice your profession in a Member State other than the one in which you were qualified. For some healthcare professionals (doctors, dentists, and nurses responsible for general care, midwives and pharmacists), the recognition and registration by the competent authority is automatic, provided they hold a certain level of qualification and training as required by the Directive. For other professions you might be required to undertake some compensation measures by way of supervised practice or an aptitude test before you can register. Member States have wide discretionary powers in this regards, and might require you to provide additional documentation with the initial declaration.

The European Commission is currently reviewing the Directive in order to make the procedure more simple, user friendly and less bureaucratic via proposing the legislative instrument in the course of the year 2012.