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1896: Dynamite inventor Alfred Nobel (Sweden) died. He left a fund to give awards in 5 categories: Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace. Later 6th Category added: Economics.
1901: started. Maximum 3 persons can be awarded in each category.
A person must be alive to be nominated.
Nobel prize recipients are called laureates.
Nobel prizes are announced in advance but actual medals given on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
They get medal, diploma, and 8-million Swedish kroner (SEK) = ~ $1.1 million
All except Economics medal fund created by Dynamite inventor Alfred Nobel, Sweden.
Economics From Bank of Sweden (Riksbank)

Nobel Physics 2014
Isamu Akasaki (Japan)
Hiroshi Amano(Japan)
Shuji Nakamura (US)
First, Red and Green LEDs were invented. But still white light couldnot be produced.
20 years ago, these three invented Blue LED (light emitting diode) using Indiaum Gallium Nitride semiconductor (InGaN)
Blue +Red + Green = White LED light produced, hence LED became popular.
Today LEDs are the most efficient source of light.

A pineapple costs Rs. 7 each. A watermelon costs Rs. 5 each. X spends Rs. 38 on these fruits. The number of pineapples purchased is
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. Data inadequate

What is the product of all the numbers in the dial of a telephone ?
A. 1,58,480
B. 1,59,450
C. 1,59,480
D. None of these
In a garden, there are 10 rows and 12 columns of mango trees. The distance between the two trees is 2 metres and a distance of one metre is left from all sides of the boundary of the garden. The length of the garden is
A. 20 m
B. 22 m
C. 24 m
D. 26 m
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Each row contains 12 plants.
There are 11 gapes between the two corner trees (11 x 2) metres and 1 metre on each side is left.
Therefore Length = (22 + 2) m = 24 m.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let x and y be the number of deer and peacocks in the zoo respectively. Then,
x + y = 80 ...(i) and
4x + 2y = 200 or 2x + y = 100 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get) x = 20, y = 60.
David gets on the elevator at the 11th floor of a building and rides up at the rate of 57 floors per minute. At the same time, Albert gets on an elevator at the 51st floor of the same building and rides down at the rate of 63 floors per minute. If they continue travelling at these rates, then at which floor will their paths cross ?
A. 19 B. 28
C. 30 D. 37
Option C
Explanation:

In a group of cows and hens, the number of legs are 14 more than twice the number of heads. The number of cows is
A.
5 B.
7
C.
10 D.
12

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the number of cows be x and the number of hens be y.
Then, 4x + 2y = 2 (x + y) + 14 4x + 2y = 2x + 2y + 14 2x = 14 x = 7.


Important A total of 324 coins of 20 paise and 25 paise make a sum of Rs. 71. The number of 25-paise coins is

A. 120 B. 124
C. 144 D. 200
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the number of 20-paise coins be x. Then, number of 25-paise coins = (324 - x).
Therefore 0.20 x x + 0.25 (324 - x) = 71 20x + 25 (324 - x) = 7100
5x= 1000 x = 200. Hence, number of 25-paise coins = (324 - x) - 124.
After distributing the sweets equally among 25 children, 8 sweets remain. Had the number of children been 28, 22 sweets would have been left after equal distribution. What was the total number of sweets ?
A.
328
B.
348
C.
358
D.
Data inadequate

Explanation:
Let the total number of sweets be (25x + 8).
Then, (25x + 8) - 22 is divisible by 28
(25x - 14) is divisible by 28 28x - (3x + 14) is divisible by 28
(3x + 14) is divisible by 28 x = 14.
Therefore Total number of sweets = (25 x 14 + 8) = 358.
At a dinner party every two guests used a bowl of rice between them, every three guests used a bowl of dal between them and every four used a bowl of meat between them. There were altogether 65 dishes. How many guests were present at the party ?
A.
60
B.
65
C.
90
D.
None of these

Option A
Explanation:
Ayush's present age = 10 years.
His mother's present age = (10 + 20) years = 30 years.
Ayush's father's present age = (30 + 5) years = 35 years.
Ayush's father's age at the time of Ayush's birth = (35 - 10) years = 25 years.
Therefore Ayush's father's age at the time of marriage = (25 - 2) years = 23 years.

1 AST Test (Liver Blood Tests)
They include aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT). These enzymes are normally predominantly contained within liver cells and to a lesser degree in the muscle cells. If the liver is injured or damaged, the liver cells spill these enzymes into the blood, raising the AST and ALT enzyme blood levels and signaling liver disease.
Arthroplasty (Joint Replacement Surgery Of The Hand)
Autopsy (Post Mortem Examination, Necropsy)
Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)
An eyelid lift, or blepharoplasty, is a surgical procedure to remove skin and to add or remove fat from the eyelids. The term "eyelid lift" is a misconception because the eyelid is not lifted during surgery.
Ferritin Blood Test Facts
The ferritin test measures the level of ferritin, the major iron storage protein in the body.The ferritin test is a simple blood test.High levels of ferritin can indicate an iron storage disorder, such as hemochromatosis, or a chronic disease process.Low levels of ferritin are indicative of iron deficiency, which causes anemia (a reduction in the number of red blood cells).
Blood count test
The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests. The complete blood count is the calculation of the cellular (formed elements) of blood. These calculationsare generally determined by special machines that a**lyze the different components of blood in less than a minute.
Botox injection
Botox is a brand name of a toxinproduced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are other brand names for botulinum, such as Xeomin. In large amounts, this toxin can causebotulism, which you probably associate with food poisoning. Despite the fact that one of the most serious complications of botulism is paralysis, scientists have discovered a way to use it to human advantage. Small, dilutedamounts can be directly injected into specific muscles causing controlled weakening of the muscles

A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon or an interventional radiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a diseaseBiopsy is of Greek origin, coming from the words bio, meaning life, and opsia, meaning to see
Conditions identified with biopsies
Cancer
Precancerous conditions
Inflammatory conditions

Biopsied sites
Location Description
Bone marrow
Since blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, a bone marrow biopsy is employed in the diagnosis of abnormalities of blood cells when the diagnosis cannot be made from the peripheral blood alone. In malignancies of blood cells (leukemia and lymphoma) a bone marrow biopsy is used in staging the disease. The procedure involves taking a core oftrabecular bone using a trephine, and then aspirating material.
Gastrointestinal tract
Flexible endoscopy enables access to the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, such that biopsy of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum via the mouth and the rectum,colon and terminal ileum are commonplace. A variety of biopsy instruments may be introduced through the endoscope and the visualized site biopsied. Until recently, the majority of the small intestine could not be visualized for biopsy. The double-balloon “push-pull” technique allows visualization and biopsy of the entire gastrointestinal tract.[6]
Needle core biopsies or aspirates of the pancreas may be made through the duodenum or stomach.[7]

Lung
Biopsies of the lung can be performed in a variety of ways depending on the location.
Liver
In hepatitis, most biopsies are not used for diagnosis, which can be made by other means. Rather, it is used to determine response to therapy which can be assessed by reduction of inflammation and progression of disease by the degree of fibrosis or, ultimately, cirrhosis.
In Wilson's disease, the biopsy is used to determine the quantitative copper level.

Prostate
Forms of prostate biopsy include transrectal biopsy and transurethral biopsy

Nervous system
Forms include brain biopsy, nerve biopsy, and meningeal biopsy

Urogenital system
Forms include renal biopsy, endometrial biopsy and cervical conization

Other Other sites include breast biopsy, lymph node biopsy, muscle biopsy, and skin biopsy

What is bronchoscopy?
Bronchoscopy is a procedure during in which an examiner uses a viewing tube to evaluate a patient's lung and airways including the voice box andvocal cord, trachea, and many branches of bronchi. Bronchoscopy is usually performed by a pulmonologist or a thoracic surgeon. Although a bronchoscope does not allow for direct viewing and inspection of the lung tissue itself, samples of the lung tissue can be biopsied through the bronchoscope for examination in the laboratory.
Colposcopy facts
• Colposcopy is a procedure used by physicians physicians that provides a magnified and illuminated view of the v***a, va**nal walls, and uterine cervix.
• This procedure is often done to evaluate an abnormal appearing cervix or an abnormal Pap smear result.
• Special tests are done during colposcopy, including acetic acid wash, use of color filters, and sampling (biopsy) of tissues.
• Cervical abnormalities include pre-cancer (dysplasia), which can be rated as mild, moderate, or severe, and cancer.
Pap smear facts
• A Pap smear is a simple, quick, and essentially painless screening test.
• Cells collected from a woman's cervix are spread on a microscope slidefor examination.
• The cells are evaluated for abnormalities, specifically for pre- cancerous and cancerous changes.
• Pap smears are recommended for all women starting at age 21 years or within 3 years of becoming sexually active, whichever comes first.
• Most women over age 30 who have had reliable Pap screening with persistently normal results can be screened less often than yearly.
• Pap smears should not be performed in women who have had a totalhysterectomy for benign conditions and had prior normal Pap smears.
• The Pap smear is read (a**lyzed) according to a uniform standardized system known as the Bethesda System
Chemotherapy facts*
*Chemotherapy facts medical author: Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM
• Chemotherapy is one option available to treat cancer patients.
• The types of medication used and how they are administered depends upon the patient's situation, the type of cancer, and the goal of cancer therapy.
• Chemotherapy options are individualized for each patient. Treatmentdecisions are usually a collaboration between the patient, family, and cancer doctor.
• There are different goals for chemotherapy. The treatment may be meant to cure the cancer, control its growth and spread, or provide comfort to the patient
Chest X-ray facts
• A chest X-ray is most commonly used to detect abnormalities in the lungs, but can also detect abnormalities in the heart, aorta, and thebones of thethoracic area.
• Extra metallic objects, such as jewelry are removed from the chest and neck areas for a chest X-ray to avoid interference with X-ray pe*******on and improve accuracy of the interpretation.
• A chest X-ray can be used to diagnose many conditions and diseases such as pleurisy, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, bronchitis, cysts, tumors, cancers, asthma, pericarditis, cardiomegaly, heart failure, and fractures.
What is laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
The surgery to remove the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy (chol-e-cys-tec-to-my). The gallbladder is removed through a 5 to 8 inch long incision, or cut, in your abdomen. The cut is made just below your ribs on the right side and goes to just below your waist. This is called open cholecystectomy.
A less invasive way to remove the gallbladder is called laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This surgery uses a laparoscope (an instrument used to see the inside of your body) to remove the gallbladder. It is performed through several small incisions rather than through one large incision.
Coronary Balloon Angioplasty and Stents (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, PCI)
CT Scan (Computerized Tomography, CAT Scan)
Computerized (or computed) tomography, and often formerly referred to as computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, is an X-ray procedure that combines many X-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views and, if needed, three-dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body. Computerized tomography is more commonly known by its abbreviated names, CT scan or CAT scan. A CT scan is used to define normal and abnormal structures in the body and/or assist in procedures by helping to accurately guide the placement of instruments or treatments. A large donut-shaped X-ray machine or scanner takes X-ray images at many different angles around the body. These images are processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional pictures of the body. In each of these pictures the body is seen as an X-ray "slice" of the body, which is recorded on a film. This recorded image is called a tomogram. "Computerized axial tomography" refers to the recorded tomogram "sections" at different levels of the body.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a type of prenatal diagnostic test to detect chromosomal problems that can result in genetic diseases and birth defects. It involves taking a small sample of part of the placenta (the chorionic villi) where it is attached to the wall of the uterus.
CVS can diagnose chromosomal abnormalities that cause conditions likeDown syndrome, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Tay Sachs disease. It does not diagnose neural tube defects. Since the procedure examines genetic material, it can tell you the gender of the fetus.
What is dialysis?
The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. Dialysis is a procedure that is a substitute for many of the normal duties of the kidneys. The kidneys are two organs located on either side of the back of the abdominal cavity. Dialysis can allow individuals to live productive and useful lives, even though their kidneys no longer work adequately. Statistics from 2007 showed approximately 389,000 patients were reveiving dialysis in the United states. At the end of 2009, more than 871,000 people were being treated for end stage renal disease.
Vaginal Douche(Douching)
The French word "do**he" translate to mean "wash," or "soak." It means washing or cleaning out the va**na (birth ca**l) with water or other mixtures of fluids. Most do**hes are prepackaged mixes of water and vinegar, baking soda, or iodine. You can buy these products at drug and grocery stores. The mixtures usually come in a bottle and can be squirted into the va**na through a tube or nozzle.
Bone density scan facts
• About 40% of postmenopausal women in the U.S. have osteopenia (low bone density). An additional 7% have osteoporosis.
• In 1995, osteoporosis-related fractures were associated with over 400,000 hospitalizations, stressing the importance of earlydetection and appropriate prescription therapy.
• Bone mineral density (BMD) estimates the true mass of bone.
• BMD a**lysis is recommended for women between ages 50 and 65 with risk factors for osteoporosis and for all women over the age of 65. In addition, men and women taking certain medications or having certain diseases should discuss testing with their doctor.
• By measuring BMD, it is possible to predict fracture risk in the same manner that measuring blood pressure can help predict the risk ofstroke.
• DXA is quick, painless, and the preferred method to measure BMD.
• Osteoporosis has many available prescription and nonprescriptiontreatment options once the diagnosis is made
What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a condition that is characterized by bones that are less dense than, and thus not as strong as, normal bone. Osteoporosis increases the risk of breaking a bone (fracture) with even minor trauma, such as a fall from standing height, or even from a cough or sneeze.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a noninvasive test that is used to reflect underlying heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart. By positioning leads (electrical sensing devices) on the body in standardized locations, information about many heart conditions can be learned by looking for characteristic patterns on the EKG.
Heart Disease and Electrophysiology (EP) Testing
An electrophysiology (EP) study is a test that records the electrical activity and the electrical pathways of your heart. This test is used to help determine the cause of your heart rhythm disturbance and the best treatment for you. During the EP study, your doctor will safely reproduce your abnormal heart rhythm and then may give you different medications to see which one controls it best or to determine the best procedure or device to treat your heart rhythm.
What is ELISA?
ELISA is an abbreviation for "enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay."
What is an ELISA test?
An ELISA test uses components of the immune system and chemicals to detect immune responses in the body (for example, to infectious microbes). The ELISA test involves an enzyme (a protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction). It also involves an antibody or antigen (immunologic molecules).
What is the use of an ELISA test?
ELISA tests are widely utilized to detect substances that have antigenic properties, primarily proteins (as opposed to small molecules and ions such as glucose and potassium). The substances detected by ELISA tests include hormones, bacterial antigens and antibodies.
Sedimentation Rate (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate or ESR)
A sedimentation rate is common blood test that is used to detect and monitor inflammation in the body. The sedimentation rate is also called the erythrocyte sedimentation rate because it is a measure of the red blood cells (erythrocytes) sedimenting in a tube over a given period of time. Sedimentation rate is often abbreviated as "sed rate" or ESR.
What Is an Exercise Stress Test?
The exercise stress test -- also called a stress test, exerciseelectrocardiogram, treadmill test, graded exercise test, or stress ECG -- is a test used to provide information about how the heart responds to exertion. It usually involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike at increasing levels of difficulty, while your electrocardiogram, heart rate, and blood pressure are monitored.
Ferritin Blood Test Facts
• The ferritin test measures the level of ferritin, the major iron storageprotein in the body.
• The ferritin test is a simple blood test.
• High levels of ferritin can indicate an iron storage disorder, such ashemochromatosis, or a chronic disease process.
• Low levels of ferritin are indicative of iron deficiency, which causesanemia (a reduction in the number of red blood cells)
What is esophageal pH monitoring?
Esophageal pH (pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution)monitoring is a procedure for measuring the reflux (regurgitation or backwash) of acid from the stomach into the esophagus that occurs ingastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
When is esophageal pH monitoring used?
Esophageal pH monitoring is used to diagnose GERD, to determine the effectiveness of medications that are given to prevent acid reflux, and to determine if episodes of acidic reflux are causing episodes of chest pain. Monitoring esophageal pH also can be used to determine if acid is reaching the pharynx (lower throat) and is possibly responsible for such symptoms ascough, hoarseness, and sore throat.
What is the glucose tolerance test?
Though not routinely used anymore, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been considered to be the gold standard for making the diagnosis oftype 2 diabetes. It is still commonly used during pregnancy for diagnosinggestational diabetes. With an oral glucose tolerance test, the person fasts overnight (at least 8 hours, but not more than 16 hours). The next morning, the fasting plasma glucose is tested. After this test, the person receives 75 grams of glucose. There are several methods employed by obstetricians to do this test, but the one described here is standard. Usually, the glucose is in a sweet-tasting liquid that the person drinks. Blood samples are taken up to four times at different time points after consumption of the sugar to measure the blood glucose.
What is a rapid strep test?
The rapid strep test is a quick and accuratediagnostic tool used to determine whether or not strep bacteria are present in the patient's throat. The same test may be used to evaluate for the presence of Streptococciin other infected areas (for example, peria**l infection in either gender, or v***ar infection in pre-pubertal girls

What is a hemoglobin A1c (A1c)test
Home blood sugar (glucose) testing is an important part of controlling blood sugar for people with diabetes. One important goal of diabetes treatment is to keep the blood glucose levels near the normal range of 70 to 120 mg/dl before meals and under 140 mg/dl at 2 hours after eating
To explain what an A1c is, think in simple terms. Sugar sticks, and when it's around for a long time, it's harder to get it off. In the body, sugar sticks too, particularly to proteins. The red blood cells that circulate in the body live for about three months before they die. When sugar sticks to these cells, it gives us an idea of how much sugar has been around for the preceding three months. In most labs, the normal range is 4-5.9 %. In poorly controlled diabetes, its 8.0% or above, and in well controlled patients it's less than 7.0%. The benefits of measuring A1c is that is gives a more reasonable view of what's happening over the course of time (3 months), and the value does not bounce as much as finger stick blood sugar measurements.
There is a correlation between A1c levels and average blood sugar levels as follows:
Triglyceride test facts* heart diseases
What is the hydrogen breath test?
The hydrogen breath test is a test that uses the measurement of hydrogen in the breath to diagnose several conditions that cause gastrointestinal symptoms. In humans, only bacteria - specifically, anaerobic bacteria in the colon - are capable of producing hydrogen. The bacteria produce hydrogen when they are exposed to unabsorbed food, particularly sugars and carbohydrates, not proteins or fats. Although limited hydrogen is produced from the small amounts of unabsorbed food that normally reach the colon, large amounts of hydrogen may be produced when there is a problem with the digestion or absorption of food in the small intestine, that allows more unabsorbed food to reach the colon.
What is creatinine test ?(heart and dibeties)
Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is produced from creatine, a molecule of major importance for energy production in muscles. Approximately 2% of the body's creatine is converted to creatinine every day. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine
Laparoscopic surgery and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) are, "minimally invasive" procedures commonly used to treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike traditional surgery on the colon or other parts of the intestines where a long incision down the center of the abdomen is required, laparoscopic surgery requires only small "keyhole" incisions in the abdomen. In the case of hand-assisted surgery, a 3-4 inch incision is also used to allow the surgeon's hand access to the abdominal organs. As a result, the person undergoing the procedure may experience less pain and scarring after surgery, and a more rapid recovery.
Mantoux test
The Mantoux test or Mendel-Mantoux test (also known as the Mantoux screening test, tuberculin sensitivity test, Pirquet test, or PPD test for purified protein derivative) is a screening tool for tuberculosis (TB)

What is an MRI scan?
An MRI (or magnetic resonance imaging) scan is a radiology technique that uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce images of body structures. The MRI scanner is a tube surrounded by a giant circular magnet. The patient is placed on a moveable bed that is inserted into the magnet. The magnet creates a strong magnetic field that aligns the protons of hydrogen atoms, which are then exposed to a beam of radio waves. This spins the various protons of the body, and they produce a faint signal that is detected by the receiver portion of the MRI scanner. The receiver information is processed by a computer, and an image is produced

Milk Tolerance Test (Lactose Tolerance Test)
The lactose tolerance test is a test for diagnosing an intolerance of ingested lactose. Lactose intolerance is a genetic condition in which individuals are unable to digest and absorb the lactose sugar in cow's milk
What is a mammogram?
A mammogram is an X-ray test that produces an image of the inner breast tissue on film. This technique, called mammography, is used to visualize normal and abnormal structures within the breasts. Mammography, therefore, can help in identifying cysts, calcifications, and tumors within the breast. It is currently the most efficient screening method to detect early breast cancer. Breast self-examination (BSE) on a monthly basis and examination by a doctor are still important, but physical examinations typically find breast cancers when they are much larger than those detected by mammography
What is a nerve conduction velocity test?
A nerve conduction velocity test (NCV) is anelectrical test that is used to determine the adequacy of the conduction of the nerve impulse as it courses down a nerve. This test is used to detect signs of nerve injury.
In this test, the nerve is electrically stimulated, and the electrical impulse 'down stream' from the stimulus is measured. This is usually done with surface patch electrodes (they are similar to those used for anelectrocardiogram) that are placed on the skin over the nerve at various locations. One electrode stimulates the nerve with a very mild electrical impulse. The resulting electrical activity is recorded by the other electrodes. The distance between electrodes and the time it takes for electrical impulses to travel between electrodes are used to calculate the speed of impulsetransmission (nerve conduction velocity). A decreased speed of transmission indicates nerve disease or abnormal pressure on the nerve
Cosmetic/Reconstructive Surgery Of The Ears (Otoplasty Surgical Instructions)
What is the pinworm test?
If pinworms are suspected, transparent adhesive tape or a pinworm paddle (supplied by your healthcare provider) is applied to the a**l region. The tape can pick up both eggs and occasionally the adult worms. Most clinicians suggest the test be done as soon as the person awakens and before any bowel movement or cleansing (bath, shower) as these actions tend to remove the eggs and parasites from the a**l/rectal area.
The pinworm eggs or a few adult worms adhere to the sticky tape or paddle and are identified by examination under an ordinary microscope by a qualified laboratory technician.
In some individuals, it is possible to see the adult worms without amicroscope, but the transparent eggs are small and can only bee seen with a microscope.
What is the tuberculosis skin test?
The tuberculosis skin test is a test used to determine if someone has developed an immune response to the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). This response can occur if someone currently has TB, if they were exposed to it in the past, or if they received the BCG vaccine against TB (which is not administered in the U.S.). The World Health Organizationestimates that 2 billion people worldwide have latent TB, while around 3 million people worldwide die of TB each year. The tuberculosis skin test is also known as the tuberculin test or PPD test.
When do surgeons do radiofrequency ablation (RFA)?test
In the U.S., radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy has become the ablation (tissue destruction) therapy of choice among surgeons for treating livercancer (HCC). The surgeon can perform this procedure laparoscopically (during an operation performed with tools introduced through small holes in the abdominal wall) or during open exploration of the abdomen. In some instances, the procedure can be done without opening the abdomen by just using ultrasound for visual guidance.
EEG Introduction
An EEG, or electroencephalogram, is a test that can help diagnoseepilepsy. During an EEG, the electrical signals of the brain are recorded. This electrical activity is detected by electrodes, or sensors, placed on the patient's scalp and transmitted to a polygraph that records the activity
What is a stool acidity test?
The stool acidity test is a test for diagnosing intolerance to lactose, the sugar contained in milk, in infants and very young children
What is the sweat chloride test?
The sweat chloride test is a common and simple test used to evaluate a patient who is suspected of having cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal genetic disease affecting Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis is often clinically suspected when there is poor growth during infancy or recurrent serious intestinal or respiratory diseases in a toddler or young child. The genetic defect in cystic fibrosis affects the way chloride moves in and out of cells, and sweat contains chloride in the form of sodium chloride (salt).
What is the tilt-table test?
The tilt-table test is a simple, inexpensive, and informative test that can help identify the causes of fainting. As its name implies, the tilt table test involves placing a patient on a table with a foot-support, then tilting the table upward. The tilt-table may start off in a horizontal position and be tilted by degrees to a completely vertical position. The patient's blood pressure, pulse, and symptoms are monitored throughout the test.
What is the urea breath test?
The urea breath test (UBT) is a test for diagnosing the presence of a bacterium, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the stomach. H. pylori causesinflammation, ulcers, and atrophy of the stomach. The test also may be used to demonstrate that H. pylori has been eliminated by treatment withantibiotics.
What is a visual field test?
A visual field test is a method of measuring an individual's entire scope of vision, that is their central and peripheral (side) vision. Visual field testing actually maps the visual fields of each eye individually. The visual field test is a subjective examination, requiring the patient to understand the testing instructions, fully cooperate, and complete the entire test in order to provide useful information. isual field testing is most frequently used to detect any signs of glaucomadamage to the optic nerve.
Diagonstis test for TB(caused by mycobactum)
• 5.1 ALS Assay
• 5.2 Tuberculin skin test
• 5.3 Mantoux skin test
• 5.4 Heaf test
• 5.5 CDC classification of tuberculin reaction
• 5.6 BCG vaccine and tuberculin skin test
• 5.7 Adenosine deaminase
• 5.8 Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
• 5.9 Full blood count
Dengue breakbone fever Dengue fever virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae Aedes aegypti mosquito
following: nausea and vomiting, rash, generalized pains, low white blood cell count, positive tourniquet test, or any warning sign (see table) in someone who lives in an endemic area
Typhoid fever
Diagnosis is made by any blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test (demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar). In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding malaria, dysentery or pneumonia, a therapeutic trial time with chloramphenicol is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of the Widal test and cultures of the blood and stool
Influenza
Types of virus
virus classification influenza viruses are RNA viruses that make up three of the five genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae:[34]
• Influenzavirus A
• Influenzavirus B
• Influenzavirus C
These viruses are only distantly related to the human parainfluenza viruses, which are RNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirus family that are a common cause of respiratory infections in children such as croup,[35] but can also cause a disease similar to influenza in adults.[36]
Influenzavirus A
This genus has one species, influenza A virus. Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics.[37] The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the three influenza types and cause the most severe disease. The influenza A virus can be subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses.[38] The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are:
• H1N1, which caused Spanish Flu in 1918, and Swine Flu in 2009
• H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957
• H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968
• H5N1, which caused Bird Flu in 2004
• H7N7, which has unusual zoonotic potential
• H1N2, endemic in humans, pigs and birds

ADIS
• Antibody tests
• 3.1 Window period
• 3.2 ELISA
• 3.3 Western blot
• 3.4 Rapid or point-of-care tests
• 3.5 Interpreting antibody tests
• 3.6 Accuracy of HIV testing