MARTIAL ARTS, Assam, INDIA

ant to become an excellent *** MARTIAL ARTIST *** █₪۩۞►

.... According to a " ZEN " philosophy....

"…….. A master remains unshaken by the up and downs of life. MARTIAL ARTS



Martial Arts are extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development. The term "Martial Arts" today has become heavily associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, but the term's origin is distinctly western. It is from the Latin that we actually derive the English term, "Martial Arts" - from "Arts of Mars," the Roman god of war. The term "Martial Art" was used in regard to the sophisticated combat systems of Europe as early as the 1550s, and an English Fencing Manual of 1639 used it in reference specifically to the "Science and Art" of swordplay. Some Martial Arts are considered "traditional" and tied to an ethnic, cultural or religious background, while others are modern systems developed either by a founder, or by an association. VARIATION AND SCOPE



Martial Arts can be categorized along a variety of criteria, including:

Traditional or historical arts and contemporary styles of folk wrestling vs. modern hybrid Martial Arts. Regional origin, especially Eastern Martial Arts vs. Western Martial Arts
Techniques taught: Armed vs. unarmed, and within these groups by type of weapon (swordsmanship, stick fighting etc.) and by type of combat (grappling vs. striking; stand-up fighting vs. ground fighting)
by application or intent: self-defense, combat sport, choreography or demonstration of forms, physical fitness, meditation, etc. within Chinese tradition: "external" vs. BY TECHNICAL FOCUS



UNARMED

Unarmed martial arts can be broadly grouped into focusing on strikes, and those focusing on grappling, and in addition those combining these two fields, usually described as "hybrid". STRIKES

Punching: Boxing (Western), Wing Chun,
Kicking: Taekwondo, Kickboxing
Other strikes: Karate, Muay Thai, Choi Kwang Do

GRAPPLING

Throwing: Glima, Judo, Sambo
Joint lock/Chokes/Submission holds/Qin Na: Aikido, Judo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hapkido, Jujutsu, Kung fu, Taijiquan
Pinning Techniques: Judo, Shuai Jiao, Wrestling, Sambo. WEAPONS-BASED

Those traditional martial arts which train armed combat often encompass a wide spectrum of melee weapons, including bladed weapons and polearms. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, Kalarippayattu, and also historical European martial arts, especially in the German Renaissance. Sometimes, training with one specific weapon will be considered a style of martial arts in its own right. This is especially the case in Japanese martial arts with disciplines such as kenjutsu (sword), bojutsu (staff), kyudo (archery), etc. Also in modern Western martial arts and sports such as modern fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de combat or singlestick, or modern competitive archery. BY APPLICATION OR INTENT



COMBAT-ORIENTED

Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices. This is particularly prevalent in traditional Chinese martial arts which may teach bone-setting, qigong, acupuncture, acupressure (tui na), and other aspects of traditional Chinese medicine. Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality. Numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns. For example, gatka is a weapon-based Indian martial art created by the Sikhs of the Panjab region of India and the Kshatriya caste of Hindus also have an ancient martial art named Shastra vidhya. Japanese styles like aikido, have a strong philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace. Some martial arts in various cultures can be performed in dance-like settings for various reasons, such as for evoking ferocity in preparation for battle or showing off skill in a more stylized manner. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms. See also war dance. HISTORY



HISTORICAL MARTIAL ARTS



While evidence show that martial arts have roots in prehistory, the earliest evidence of systematic training in specific martial arts traditions emerges in antiquity (late 1st millennium BC) in both Asia and Europe. The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese and Indian martial arts. During the Warring States period of Chinese history (480-221 BC) extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War (c. 350 BC). Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolin Kung Fu to the spread of Buddhism from India during the early 5th century AD, with the figure of Bodhidharma, to China. In Europe, the earliest sources of martial arts traditions date to Classical Antiquity. Boxing (pygme, pyx), Wrestling (pale) and Pankration were represented in the Ancient Olympic Games. The Romans produced gladiatorial combat as a public spectacle. A number of historical combat manuals have survived from the European Middle Ages. This includes such styles as sword and shield, two-handed swordfighting and other types of melee weapons besides unarmed combat. The most famous of these is Johannes Lichtenauer's Fechtbuch (Fencing book) of the 14th century, which today forms the basis of the German school of swordsmanship. Likewise, Asian martial arts become well-documented during the medieval period, Japanese martial arts beginning with the establishment of the samurai nobility in the 12th century, Chinese martial arts with Ming era treatises such as Ji Xiao Xin Shu, Indian martial arts in medieval texts such as the Agni Purana and the Malla Purana, and Korean martial arts with Joseon era texts such as Muyejebo (1598). "Historical martial arts" in both Asia and Europe are mostly based on such records of the late medieval to early modern period (15th to 17th centuries; see also Koryū). European swordsmanship was trained for duels until the Napoleonic era, and developed into sport fencing during the 19th century. Modern boxing originates with Jack Broughton's rules in the 18th century, and reaches its present form with the Marquess of Queensberry Rules of 1867. Europe's colonization of Asian countries also brought about a decline in local martial arts, especially with the introduction of fi****ms. This can clearly be seen in India after the full establishment of British Raj in the 19th century. Similar phenomena occurred in Southeast Asian colonies such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. FOLK STYLES

All over the world, there are traditional styles of folk wrestling, and in some cases also stick fighting, rooted in local culture and folklore. In East and Southeast Asia, these are forms such as Korean, Khmer or Mongolian wrestling and Japanese Sumo, in South and Southwest Asia Indo-Persian Pehlwani, in Central and Western Asia Turkic (Uzbek, Tatar) styles; in Europe, there are Icelandic, Swiss and various English wrestling traditions. African folk wrestling includes the West African style of Lutte Traditionnelle. While these arts are based on historical traditions of folklore, they are not "historical" in the sense that they reconstruct or preserve a historical system from a specific era. They are rather contemporary regional sports that coexist with the modern forms of martial arts sports as they have developed since the 19th century, often including cross-fertilization between sports and folk styles; thus, the traditional Thai style of Muay Boran developed into the modern national sport of Muay Thai, which in turn came to be practiced worldwide and contributed significantly to modern hybrid styles like kickboxing and mixed martial arts. MODERN HISTORY

Late 19th To Early 20th Century

The mid to late 19th century marks the beginning of the history of martial arts as modern sports developed out of earlier traditional fighting systems. In Europe, this concerns the developments of boxing and fencing as sports. In Japan, the same period marks the formation of the modern forms of judo, jujitsu, karate, and kendo (among others) based on revivals of old schools of Edo period martial arts which had been suppressed during the Meiji Restoration. Modern Muay Thai rules date to the 1920s. In China, the modern history of martial arts begins in the Nanjing decade (1930s) following the foundation of the Central Guoshu Institute in 1928 under the Kuomintang government. Western interest in Asian martial arts arises towards the end of the 19th century, due to the increase in trade between the United States with China and Japan. Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, considering it to be mere performance. Edward William Barton-Wright, a railway engineer who had studied jujitsu while working in Japan between 1894–97, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an eclectic style named Bartitsu which combined jujutsu, judo, boxing, savate and stick fighting. Fencing and Greco-Roman wrestling was included in the 1896 Summer Olympics. FILA Wrestling World Championships and Boxing at the Summer Olympics were introduced in 1904. The tradition of awarding championship belts in wrestling and boxing can be traced to the Lonsdale Belt, introduced in 1909.

20th Century (1914 To 1989)

The International Boxing Association was established in 1920. World Fencing Championships have been held since 1921. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, or Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, is an adaptation of pre–World War II judo developed by the brothers Carlos and Hélio Gracie, who restructured the art into a sport with a large focus on groundwork. Jiu-Jitsu gained fame quickly in Brazil because of the popular fights with Capoeira fighters. As Western influence grew in Asia a greater number of military personnel spent time in China, Japan, and South Korea during World War II and the Korean War and were exposed to local fighting styles. Jujutsu, judo and karate first became popular among the mainstream from the 1950s-60s. Due in part to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies, most modern American martial arts are either Asian-derived or Asian influenced. The term kickboxing (キックボクシング) was created by the Japanese boxing promoter Osamu Noguchi for a variant of Muay Thai and Karate that he created in the 1950s. American kickboxing was developed in the 1970s, as a combination of boxing and karate. Taekwondo was developed in the context of the Korean War in the 1950s. The later 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media interest in the Chinese fighting systems, influenced by martial artist and Hollywood actor Bruce Lee. Jeet Kune Do, the system he founded, has its roots in Wing Chun, western boxing, savate and fencing. Bruce Lee is credited as one of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to Westerners. World Judo Championships have been held since 1956, Judo at the Summer Olympics was introduced in 1964. Karate World Championships were introduced in 1970. Following the "kung fu wave" in Hong Kong action cinema in the 1970s, a number of mainstream films produced during the 1980s contributed significantly to the perception of martial arts in western popular culture. These include The Karate Kid (1984) and Bloodsport (1988). This era produced some Hollywood action stars with martial arts background, such as Jean-Claude Van Damme and Chuck Norris. Also during the 20th century, a number of martial arts systems were adapted for self-defense purposes for military hand-to-hand combat. World War II combatives, Kapap (1930s) and Krav Maga (1950s) in Israel, Systema (Soviet era Russia), San Shou (People's Republic of China). The US military de-emphasized hand-to-hand combat training during the Cold War period, but revived it with the introduction of LINE in 1989.

1990 to present

During the 1990s Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu became popular and proved to be effective in mixed martial arts competitions such as the UFC and PRIDE. The K-1 rules of kickboxing were introduced in 1993, based on 1980s Seidokaikan karate. Jackie Chan and Jet Li are prominent movie figures who have been responsible for promoting Chinese martial arts in recent years. With the continual discovery of "new" Medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of Historical European Martial Arts and other Western Martial Arts are growing in popularity across the United States and Europe. TESTING AND COMPETITION



Testing or evaluation is important to martial art practitioners of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or own level of skill in specific contexts. Students within individual martial art systems often undergo periodic testing and grading by their own teacher in order to advance to a higher level of recognized achievement, such as a different belt color or title. The type of testing used varies from system to system but may include forms or sparring. Various forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments. Some competitions pit practitioners of different disciplines against each other using a common set of rules, these are referred to as mixed martial arts competitions. Rules for sparring vary between art and organization but can generally be divided into light-contact, medium-contact, and full-contact variants, reflecting the amount of force that should be used on an opponent. LIGHT- AND MEDIUM-CONTACT



These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may be used to hit an opponent, in the case of light sparring this is usual to 'touch' contact, e.g. a punch should be 'pulled' as soon as or before contact is made. In medium-contact (sometimes referred to as semi-contact) the punch would not be 'pulled' but not hit with full force. As the amount of force used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is not to knock out an opponent; a point system is used in competitions. A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to control the match, while judges mark down scores, as in boxing. Particular targets may be prohibited , certain techniques may be forbidden (such as headbutting or groin hits), and fighters may be required to wear protective equipment on their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. In grappling arts aikido uses a similar method of compliant training that is equivalent to light or medium contact. In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of Taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based on the landing of a single technique or strike as judged by the referee, whereupon the referee will briefly stop the match, award a point, then restart the match. Alternatively, sparring may continue with the point noted by the judges. Some critics of point sparring feel that this method of training teaches habits that result in lower combat effectiveness. Lighter-contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other situations when heavy contact would be inappropriate (such as beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used as training for full contact. FULL-CONTACT

Full-contact sparring or competition, where strikes are not pulled but thrown with full force as the name implies, has a number of tactical differences from light and medium-contact sparring. It is considered by some to be requisite in learning realistic unarmed combat. In full-contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is either to knock out the opponent or to force the opponent to submit. Where scoring takes place it may be a subsidiary measure, only used if no clear winner has been established by other means; in some competitions, such as the UFC 1, there was no scoring, though most now use some form of judging as a backup. Due to these factors, full-contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, but rule sets may still mandate the use of protective equipment, or limit the techniques allowed. Nearly all mixed martial arts organizations such as UFC, Pancrase, Shooto use a form of full-contact rules, as do professional boxing organizations and K-1. Kyokushin karate requires advanced practitioners to engage in bare-knuckled, full-contact sparring while wearing only a karate gi and groin protector but does not allow punches to the face, only kicks and knees. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and judo matches do not allow striking, but are full-contact in the sense that full force is applied in the permitted grappling and submission techniques. MARTIAL SPORT



Martial arts have crossed over into sports when forms of sparring become competitive, becoming a sport in its own right that is dissociated from the original combative origin, such as with western fencing. The Summer Olympic Games includes JuDo, TaeKwonDo, western archery, boxing, javelin, wrestling and fencing as events, while Chinese Wushu recently failed in its bid to be included, but is still actively performed in tournaments across the world. Practitioners in some arts such as kickboxing and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu often train for sport matches, whereas those in other arts such as AiKiDo and Wing Chun generally spurn such competitions. Some schools believe that competition breeds better and more efficient practitioners, and gives a sense of good sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under which competition takes place have diminished the combat effectiveness of martial arts or encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such as cultivating a particular moral character. The question of "which is the best Martial Art" has led to new forms of competition; the original Ultimate Fighting Championship in the U.S. was fought under very few rules allowing all fighting styles to enter and not be limited by the rule set. This has now become one of many combat "sports" known as mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Similar competitions such as Pancrase, DREAM, and Shooto have also taken place in Japan. Some martial artists compete in non-sparring competitions such as breaking or choreographed routines of techniques such as poomse, kata and aka, or modern variations of the martial arts which include dance-influenced competitions such as tricking. Martial traditions have been influenced by governments to become more sport-like for political purposes; the central impetus for the attempt by the People's Republic of China in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated sport of wushu was suppressing what they saw as the potentially subversive aspects of martial training, especially under the traditional system of family lineages. HEALTH AND FITNESS BENEFITS



Training in martial arts imparts many benefits to the trainee, physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. Through systematic practice in the martial arts a person's physical fitness may be boosted (strength, stamina, flexibility, movement coordination, etc.,) as the whole body is exercised and the entire muscular system is activated. Beyond contributing to physical fitness, martial arts training also has benefits for mental health, contributing to self-esteem, self-control, emotional and spiritual well-being. For this reason, a number of martial arts schools have focused purely on therapeutic aspects, de-emphasizing the historical aspect of self-defense or combat completely. According to Bruce Lee, martial arts also have the nature of an art, since there is emotional communication and complete emotional expression. SELF-DEFENSE, MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT APPLICATIONS



Some traditional martial concepts have seen new use within modern military training. Perhaps the most recent example of this is point shooting which relies on muscle memory to more effectively utilize a firearm in a variety of awkward situations, much the way an iaidoka would master movements with their sword. During the World War II era William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes were recruited by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to teach their martial art of defendu (itself drawing on jujutsu and Western boxing) and pistol shooting to UK, US, and Canadian special forces. The book Kill or Get Killed, written by Colonel Rex Applegate, was based on the defendu taught by Sykes and Fairbairn. Both Fairbairn's Get Tough and Appelgate's Kill or Get Killed became classic works on hand-to-hand combat. Traditional hand-to-hand, knife, and spear techniques continue to see use in the composite systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include European Unifight, the US Army's Combatives system developed by Matt Larsen, the Israeli army's kapap and Krav Maga, and the US Marine Corps's Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Unarmed dagger defenses identical to those found in the manual of Fiore dei Liberi and the Codex Wallerstein were integrated into the U.S. Army's training manuals in 1942 and continue to influence today's systems along with other traditional systems such as eskrima and silat. The rifle-mounted bayonet, which has its origin in the spear, has seen use by the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps, and the British Army as recently as the Iraq War. MARTIAL ARTS INDUSTRY



Martial arts since the 1970s has become a significant industry, a subset of the wider sport industry (including cinema and sports television). Hundreds of millions of people worldwide practice some form of martial art. Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide. The South Korean government in 2009 published an estimate that Taekwondo is practiced by 70 million people in 190 countries. The wholesale value of martial arts related sporting equipment shipped in the United States was estimated at 314 million USD in 2007; participation in the same year was estimated at 6.9 million (ages 6 or older, 2% of US population). R. A. Court, CEO of Martial Arts Channel, stated the total revenue of the US martial arts industry at USD 40 billion and the number of US practitioners at 30 million in 2003. Ultimate Fighting Championship generated a revenue of about USD 250 million in 2008, about 90% of the entire Mixed Martial Arts industry. World Wrestling Entertainment had a revenue of USD 1.4 billion. Asian martial arts experienced a surge of popularity in the west during the 1970s, and the rising demand resulted in numerous low quality or fraudulent schools. Fueled by fictional depictions in martial arts movies, this led to the "ninja craze" of the 1980s United States. The rank system introduced for judo in the 1880s proved commercially viable, and "colored belt" systems were adopted in many martial arts degree mills (also known as "McDojos"; parodied in Penn & Teller: Bu****it! episode "Martial Arts", June 2010). LIST OF MARTIAL ARTS

There is a large number of distinct styles and schools of martial arts. Sometimes, schools or styles are introduced by individual teachers or masters, or as a brand name by a specific gym. Martial arts can be grouped by type or focus, or alternatively by regional origin. This article focuses on the latter grouping. For hybrid martial arts, as they originated from the late 19th century and especially after 1950, it may be impossible to identify unique or predominant regional origins. It is not trivial to distinguish "traditional" from "modern" martial arts. Chronology isn't the decisive criterion, as, for example, "traditional taekwondo" was developed in the 1950s, while the "modern" hybrid martial art of Bartitsu was developed in ca. 1900. A large portion of traditional martial arts can be categorized as folk wrestling (see the separate article), although in some cases a folk wrestling style and a modern combat sport may overlap or become indistinguishable from each other once the sport has been regulated. LIST OF MARTIAL ARTS



AFRICA



African styles of stickfighting

Bajan stick licking
Surma stickfighting (Ethiopia)
Dambe (Nigeria)
Nguni Stick Fighting (South Africa)
Istunka (Somalia)
Nuba fighting (Sudan)

African folk wrestling

Laamb Wrestling (Senegal)
Evala wrestling (Togo)

other

Musangwe (South African bare knuckle boxing)

AMERICAS



INDIGENOUS TRADITIONS

Bolivia

Tinku

Canada

Okichitaw

Hawaii

Kapu Kuialua

MODERN SPORTS



LATIN AMERICA

Brazil

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu/Gracie Jiu-Jitsu
Capoeira
Luta Livre
Vale Tudo

Colombia

La Mano Negra (Manegra)

Mexico

Lucha Libre

Peru

Bakom/Vacón

Venezuela

El Juego del Garrote

CANADA AND USA

Canada

Defendo
Wen-Do

United States

American Karate
American Kenpo
Shootfighting
American kickboxing
Bojuka
Bok Fu
Close Quarters Combat
Chun K*k Do
Collegiate Wrestling
Collegiate Fencing
Danzan-ryū
Gaidojutsu
Jailhouse rock (52 Hands Block/JHR)
Jeet Kune Do
Kajukenbo
Marine Corps Martial Arts
Mixed Martial Arts
Model Mugging
Modern Army Combatives
Pit Fighting
S.C.A.R.S. (military)
Shinkendo
Sli Beatha
Small Circle Jujutsu
SPEAR System
Toso Kune Do

ASIA



Cambodia

Bokator
Kbachkun boraan
Kbachkun Dambong-veng
Khmer traditional wrestling
Pradal Serey

China

Main article: Chinese martial arts

See List of Chinese martial arts. India

Main article: Indian martial arts

Gatka (Sikh stick fighting)
Inbuan Wrestling
Kalaripayatu
Malla-yuddha
Musti yuddha
Mukna
Sarit Sarak
Silambam
Kuttu Varisai
Varma Kalai
Thang-Ta

Indonesia

Main article: Pencak silat

Kuntao
Silat
Bakti Negara
Perisai Diri

Japan

Main article: Japanese martial arts

See List of Japanese martial arts

Aikido
Judo
Jujutsu
Karate
Kendo
Ninjutsu
Shurikenjutsu
Sumo

Korea

Main article: Korean martial arts

Choi Kwang-Do
GongKwon Yusul
Gwonbeop
Gyongdang
Haidong Gumdo
Han Mu Do
Hankido
Hapkido
Hwa Rang Do
K*k Sool Won
Kumdo
Kung Jung Mu Sul
Shippalgi
Ssireum
Subak
Taekkyeon
Taekwondo
Tang soo do
Yusul

Laos

Muay Lao

Malaysia

Silat Melayu
Lian padukan
Seni Gayung Fatani
Silat Cekak
Silat Medan
Tomoi

Myanmar

Main article: Burmese martial arts

Bando
Banshay
Lethwei
Naban

Okinawan martial arts

Karate
Kobudo
Shuri-te
Tegumi

Pakistan

Pehlwani

Philippines

Main article: Filipino martial arts

Arnis/Eskrima/Kali
Buno
Dumog
Kino Mutai
Pananjakman
Panantukan
Sikaran
Yaw-Yan

Thailand

Krabi Krabong (กระบี่-กระบอง)
Lerdrit (เลิศฤทธิ์)
Muay Boran (มวยโบราณ)
Muay Thai (มวยไทย)
Silat

Vietnam

Viet Vo Dao/ Việt Võ Đạo - Vovinam (越武道)
Vovinam
Tay Son
Qwan Ki Do (Quán Khí Đạo)
Cuong Nhu Pattani

Vo Thuat
Nhat Nam
Binh Dinh/ Bình Định
Thang Long/ Thăng Long

EUROPE



HISTORICAL EUROPEAN MARTIAL ARTS

Pygmachia (Ancient Greek Boxing)
Pale (Ancient Greek wrestling)
Pankration (Ancient Greek Hybrid Combat Sport)
German school of fencing
French school of fencing
Italian school of swordsmanship
Destreza

European folk styles

England

Cornish Wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
Devon wrestling
Lancashire wrestling
Quarterstaff
Singlestick

France

Gouren

Ireland

Bataireacht
Collar-And-Elbow Wrestling

Portugal

Jogo do Pau

Scotland

Dirk Dance
Scottish Backhold

Spain

Canarian Wrestling
Juego del Palo

Switzerland

Schwingen

Iceland

Glima

MODERN SPORTS

Amateur Wrestling
Archery
Fencing
Greco-Roman wrestling
Freestyle fighting
Freestyle Wrestling
Mixed martial arts

France

Baton Francais
Kinomichi
La Canne
Savate

Germany

Bundesliga
German Ju-Jutsu
Kampfringen
Nindokai
Unifight

Italy

Italian martial arts
Nova Scrimia

Poland

Combat 56

Russia

Sambo
Russian fist fighting
Systema
Spetsnaz GRU hand-to-hand combat style
Army hand-to-hand fight

Serbia

Real Aikido
Svebor
Narodno rvanje

Spain

Keysi Fighting Method
Yawara-Jitsu
Zipota

Ukraine

Combat Hopak

United Kingdom

Bare-knuckle boxing - (London Prize Ring rules)
Bartitsu
Boxing - (Marquess of Queensberry rules)
Catch Wrestling
Chess boxing
Defendu
Shin-kicking

MIDDLE EAST & CENTRAL ASIA



TRADITIONAL

Yağlı güreş (Turkish oil wrestling)
Köräş/Kurash (Central Asian folk wrestling)
Varzesh-e Bastani / Pahlavani (Persian wrestling)
Khridoli (Georgia)

MODERN

Iran

Kung Fu To'a

Israel

Kapap
Krav Maga

OCEANIA



TRADITIONAL

Mau Rakau (Maori)

MODERN

Zen Do Kai (Australia)