Healthy body

In 1924, Otto Warburg published a paper on the metabolism of cancer cells in Naturwissenschaften. In it, he asked “How does the metabolism of a growing tissue differ from that of a non-growing tissue?” [1]. In this paper, Warburg demonstrated in vitro [1] and 3 years later in vivo [2] that cancer cells reprogramme their metabolism. Key features of this metabolic reprogramming are that cancer cells take up more glucose and synthesise more lactate in the presence of oxygen than non-growing cells and organs. Ephraim Racker later termed such aerobic glycolysis the “Warburg effect” to contrast it with the “Pasteur effect,” which is anaerobic glycolysis

In 1924, Otto Warburg asked “How does the metabolism of a growing tissue differ from that of a non-growing tissue?” Currently, we know that proliferating healthy and cancer cells reprogramme their metabolism. This typically includes increased glucose uptake, glycolytic flux and lactate synthesis. A key function of this reprogramming is to channel glycolytic intermediates and other metabolites into anabolic reactions such as nucleotide-RNA/DNA synthesis, amino acid-protein synthesis and the synthesis of, for example, acetyl and methyl groups for epigenetic modification. In this review, we discuss evidence that a hypertrophying muscle similarly takes up more glucose and reprogrammes its metabolism to channel energy metabolites into anabolic pathways. We specifically discuss the functions of the cancer-associated enzymes phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase muscle 2 in skeletal muscle. In addition, we ask whether increased glucose uptake by a hypertrophying muscle explains why muscularity is often negatively associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Україна здобула перше срібло на Універсіаді-2023 – вражаючий прорив біатлоніста Український біатлоніст Дмитро Грущак фінішував другим у гонці переслідування на Всесвітній зимовій Універсіаді, що триває у США.

У боях з росіянами на фронті загинули четверо фанатів Кривбаса Українці продовжують неймовірно високою ціною протистояти вторгненню російських окупантів.

"Прометей" здобув сьому перемогу в баскетбольному Єврокубку: турнірна таблиця "Прометей" – "Брешія": результат матчу 11-го туру Єврокубка 2022/23, турнірна таблиця – як зіграли українці, що означає цей результат та хто наступний суперник

Track running events range from 60 to 10,000 m, and traditionally spikes are worn for all track races. While some of the mechanisms that create successful marathon shoes can be translated into track spikes, several key differences must be considered, between road and track, as well as between distance and sprint events.

Sprint performance is determined by acceleration and top speed [17], which depend on how much propulsive horizontal ground reaction force can be produced at a specific running velocity [18], i.e. the individual athlete’s force–velocity profile [19]. Interestingly, footwear longitudinal bending stiffness can shift muscle force–velocity behavior