Sport is my super power

In resistance training, eccentric muscle contractions have been shown to be more effective in stimulating muscle strength gains [59], lead to regional hypertrophy [47], and induce positive shifts in muscle architecture [47]. Although still incompletely understood, it appears that the coupling of muscular fibre lengthening and heightened mechanical loading associated with eccentric muscle actions may create unique conditions underpinning the molecular mechanisms regulating the myogenic adaptations observed [47]. The mechanisms of structural remodelling appear to be contraction-specific, whereby eccentric-only resistance training results in markedly greater increases in fascicle lengths [60,61,62]. In contrast, greater changes are observed in pennation angle following concentric-only resistance training [60,61,62]. This likely reflects the differential addition of serial sarcomeres following eccentric resistance training, which has notable implications for performance and injury prevention, due to a concurrent shift in the ‘optimum’ force–length and force–velocity relationships of the working musculature, which subsequently alter their function [63,64,65]. In the context of high-velocity eccentric contractions, the evidence regarding physiological adaptation is limited. Following 10 weeks of ‘fast’ (e.g., 240°/s) or ‘slow’ (90°/s) isokinetic knee extension training, fascicle lengths of the vastus lateralis increased by 14% in the ‘fast’ training group compared to no significant changes in the ‘slow’ group [66]. Additionally, in animal models (i.e., rats), increased in-series sarcomeres have been observed after downhill running (i.e., heightened eccentric component) in contrast to uphill running (i.e., greater concentric component). Thus, it has been suggested that movement velocity, as well as contraction type, may be important regulators in the remodelling of contractile material placed in series [67]. This adaptation may be considered as a ‘protective’ mechanism after eccentric-induced muscle damage by limiting fascicle lengthening [67]. Potentially, this increases the maximum shortening velocities of muscle fibres [65] as well as the maximal forces produced at longer muscle lengths

A unique characteristic of performing horizontal decelerations is that to reduce momentum an emphasis on active muscle lengthening through braking action and the dissipation of mechanical energy is perhaps considered necessary [47]. The muscular contraction involved in these types of movements are commonly classified as ‘eccentric’ [48], and each of the contraction types (i.e., concentric, isometric and eccentric) involve different mechanisms of force generation at the contractile protein level [47]. In comparison to concentric and isometric muscle action types, eccentric muscle actions have the potential to generate greater forces for a given angular velocity [49]. Furthermore, eccentric muscle actions are more metabolically efficient, requiring less motor unit activation and oxygen consumption for a given muscle force [50]. In locomotion, it is a widely held assumption that this efficiency may be explained by the recycling of kinetic energy into elastic recoil energy from the tendons into the muscle fibres during limb support, resulting in less mechanical work and energy required during movement [51, 52]. However, during decelerations, the MTU may operate differently depending on the architecture of the muscle in question, which may influence the degree of eccentric muscle action. For example, particularly in distal muscle groups with long tendons (e.g., gastrocnemius-Achilles-soleus complex), these muscles may actually shorten to enable a compliant tendon to store, buffer and reduce the kinetic energy input to the muscle [53,54,55,56,57]. In contrast, in the more proximal musculature (e.g., quadriceps), the role of active lengthening and recycling of energy by the muscles may be greater due to reduced tendon lengths

Майка Тайсона звинуватили у зґвалтуванні Легенда боксу Майк Тайсон може знову отримати покарання за зґвалтування жінки.

Трансфер Матвієнка: Брайтон подвоїв пропозицію за зірку Шахтаря Оборонець Шахтаря Микола Матвієнко може перебратись на Туманний Альбіон у поточному трансферному вікні.

Барселона у більшості дотиснула Реал Сосьєдад та вийшла у півфінал Кубка Іспанії Барселона приймала Реал Сосьєдад вдома в рамках чвертьфіналу Кубка Іспанії. Звіт про матч читайте на Спорт 24.

It is now generally accepted that carbohydrates are perhaps the most important energy substrate for elite performance [1, 2]. However, this has not always been the case. At the start of the modern Olympic Games in 1896, protein was thought to be the most important energy source for athletes [3]. Research showing the importance of carbohydrates for performance began to emerge as early as the 1920s [4]. Further seminal work conducted in the 1960s [5], as reviewed elsewhere [3, 6], clarified the importance of dietary carbohydrates for exercise and in particular the role of muscle glycogen in endurance performance. However, it was only at the Montreal Olympic Games in 1976 that an appreciation of the importance of dietary carbohydrates among athletes and coaches started to emerge [3]. Together with other advances made towards improving athletic performance, such as improved equipment and training methodology, researchers continued to study carbohydrate metabolism to better understand the mechanisms of how dietary carbohydrates improve performance, promote recovery and/or prevent fatigue, as well as researching strategies to optimize carbohydrate availability in athletes [7,8,9,10]. Over this period, understanding of the actions of dietary carbohydrates on exercise metabolism and performance has increased substantially and, in concert, nutritional recommendations for athletes have developed and continue to evolve to reflect contemporary knowledge and practice. Nonetheless, scientific unknowns remain that, if addressed, could provide athletes with even more detailed and tailored recommendations to support them to reach their athletic potentials.

Стартлисти естафет Кубка світу з біатлону в Антгольці: хто у складі України Кубок світу з біатлону: стартлисти естафет шостого етапу в Антгольці, хто біжить у складі збірної України в чоловічій та жіночій командах, стартлисти фаворитів гон...

Українські акробати здобули перші медалі сезону Кубка світу: результати Збірна України з лижної акробатики здобула перші медалі у сезоні Кубка світу, їхніми авторами стали Анастасія Новосад та Дмитро Котовський - всі результати україн....