Trainings for a healthy body

Muscle fibres are, in contrast to proliferating cells, non-proliferating syncytia (i.e. multi-nuclear cells) with thousands of nuclei and muscle fibres can reach a length of up to ≈ 20 cm in humans [15]. However, given that proliferating cells reprogramme their metabolism to channel more energy metabolites into anabolism, and given that muscle hypertrophy relies on anabolism, an intriguing question is: Do hypertrophying, post-mitotic muscle fibres reprogramme their metabolism similar to proliferating cells?

In summary, a key function of the metabolic reprogramming of proliferating cells is to provide substrates for anabolic pathways that generate the biomass necessary for cell proliferation. Otto Warburg already in 1924 stated that such reprogramming was not unique to cancer but also occurred for example in the growing chick embryo [13]. Several reviews discuss specific aspects of metabolic reprogramming in cancer such as the regulation of the metabolic reprogramming, the metabolic pathways involved (Fig. 1), the function of metabolic reprogramming beyond energy metabolism and anabolism, research methods to analyse metabolic reprogramming as well as unanswered questions [4, 5, 14].

COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to “maintain” training and the greatest opposition to “not training” during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered “coaching by correspondence” as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes’ physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes’ mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness).

Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for “general fitness and health maintenance” during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification.

"Не підняв би й слухавку". У Франції виник скандал через "брак поваги" до Зідана Ноель Ле Ґре прокоментував ймовірність роботи Зінедіна Зідана зі збірною Франції: що він сказав, як на це відреагували, що про це відомо

Руслан Маліновський змінив команду у зимове трансферне вікно: що про це відомо Руслан Маліновський: півзахисник збірної України з футболу змінив команду у зимове трансферне вікно: що відомо про трансфер українця, його новий контракт з клубом ...