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Football athletes are defined as those who are competing within a football code. These typically include soccer, American football, Canadian football, Australian football, rugby union, rugby league, rugby sevens, Gaelic football, and futsal. Football code athletes should be proficient at sprinting both short (i.e., 5–20 m) and medium–long (> 20 m) distances [1,2,3,4,5]. Although less frequent, players also perform medium- (i.e., > 20 and ≤ 40 m) to long-distance sprints (e.g., > 40 m), enabling athletes to express maximum sprinting velocity (Vmax) capabilities, particularly from moving starts [4, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Very large associations have been demonstrated between Vmax and sprint performance (0–36.6 m, r = 0.94; 18.3–36.6 m, r = 0.97) in football code athletes, whereas the relative rate of acceleration remained the same irrespective of sprinting performance, indicating that a higher Vmax enables a superior acceleration performance [8]. Given that most athletes accelerate in a similar manner relative to Vmax, it may be that Vmax serves as the upper threshold or limiting factor in the acceleration phase performance. Therefore, improving an athlete’s sprinting Vmax may indirectly improve acceleration [8]. Hence, the development of Vmax and medium–long sprint performance is a vital component of athletic performance within the football codes

This review provides the first systematic review and meta-analysis of all sprint performance development methods exclusively in football code athletes. Secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods appeared to improve medium-long sprint performance of football code athletes. Tertiary training methods should be implemented to enhance Vmax phase performance. Nether sport-only nor primary training methods appeared to enhance medium to long sprint performance. Performance changes may be attributed to either adaptations specific to the acceleration or Vmax phases, or both, but not exclusively Vmax. Regardless of the population characteristics, sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either the magnitude or the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action, or both.

"Вірний собі". Хокеїст з РФ відмовився від участі в заході НХЛ на підтримку ЛГБТ Російський хокеїст "Філадельфія Флаєрз" Іван Проворов відмовився брати участь у заході НХЛ на підтримку ЛГБТ+ спільноти через "релігійні переконання": як він це поя...

"Прометей" здобув сьому перемогу в баскетбольному Єврокубку: турнірна таблиця "Прометей" – "Брешія": результат матчу 11-го туру Єврокубка 2022/23, турнірна таблиця – як зіграли українці, що означає цей результат та хто наступний суперник

The classic track compliance studies from McMahon and Greene [40, 43] also explain that while a more compliant foot–ground interaction results in a longer ground contact time, it does not necessarily reduce top speed. In sprinting, reduced ground contact time has been linked to increased performance [19]. However, the longer ground contact time from more compliant foot–ground interaction is accompanied by a longer “step length,” i.e., the distance covered during ground contact [43]. For very compliant surfaces, this resulted in reduced maximal running speeds, but “a range of track stiffness was discovered which actually enhances speed” [43]. This suggests that a similar range of stiffness exists for midsole foam. Further, increased ground contact times allow the muscle more time to produce force [44]. Therefore, elongating contact time can decrease metabolic cost, or allow the runner to produce more force (through a favorable shift on the force–velocity curve [20]) and thereby increasing their speed.